🌷BIO101

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*BIOLOGY*

This term is gotten from two Greek words, *bio* - life and *logos*- study

Biology is the study of life. Also defined as the study of plants and animals

*BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY*
1. Zoology
2. Ecology
3. Morphology
4. Anatomy
5. Genetics
6. Physiology

*Morphology* involves the external features of plants and animals

*Anatomy* involves the study of internal structures if plants and animals

*Genetics* is the scientific study of heredity and variation in living things

*Physiology* involves the study of how plants and animals function

*CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS*
1. Movement
2. Nutrition
3. Respiration.
4. Excretion.
5 Irritability or Sensitivity
6. Growth.
7. Reproduction
8. Adaptation
9. Death

*Respiration* is defined as the exchange of gasses between organisms and their environment.

*Excretion* us defined as the removal of metabolic waste products from the body.e.g CO2, H2O, e.t.c

*Irritability* is the ability of organisms to respond to stimuli.

*Reproduction* is defined as the ability of living organism to give birth to young ones. 2 types
1. Asexual: invokes only one organism to produce another offspring
2. Sexual: involves organisms coming together for the purpose of reproduction

*Asexual reproduction* is common among living things and takes a variety of forms.

1. *Bacteria and Binary Fission.* Many single-celled organisms rely on binary fission to reproduce themselves. ...

2. *Fragmentation and Blackworms. ...*

3. *Budding and Hydras. ...*

4. *Parthenogenesis and Copperheads. ...*

5. *Vegetative Propagation and Strawberries.*

*DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS*
  There are 7 major groups used in classification of living things.

Kingdom
Phylum (Animal) or Division (Plant)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specie

*CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS*
This system was introduced by a Swiss scientist called *Car Von Linné* (1707-1778). His name was latinized to *Carlous Linnaeus.*
1 *Plants* are not active and have no organ of movement while *animals* are active and have organs of movement

2. *Plants* posses no special excretory systems while *animals* posses well develops excretory systems

3. *Plants* gaseous exchange is through the entire body while *animals* gaseous exchange is through special organs like lungs

4. Most green *plants* carry out photosynthesis but non green plants doesn't while *animals* cannot carry out photosynthesis but depend in animals for their own food

5. *Plant cells* have large vacuoles containing cell sap while *animal cells* do not contain large vacuoles

*Note📍*
The basic unit of classification of living things the *species*.

This is the smallest unit containing members which have the largest number of features in common

*CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN AND LION*

                    *Human* .         *Lion*
Kingdom.    Animalia.        Animalia
Phylum.       Chordata.       Chordata
Class.          Mammalia.    Mammalia
Order.           Primates.       Carnivora
Family.         Hominidae.      Felidae
Genus.          Homo.             Panthers
Species.        Sapiens.         Leo

*CHARACTERISTICS OF A VIRUS*
1. It is microscopic in nature
2. It possesses either DNA or RNA
3. It doesn't respire, feed, excrete, e.t.c
4. It doesn't have structures used in the synthesis of protein
5. It is responsible for the causes of many chronic diseases like AIDS, small pox, measles, e.t.c

*VIRUS*
This is a microscopic organism which cannot be seen by an ordinary microscope but with an electron microscope. Virus doesn't have a cell structure, but is just made up of a could strand of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed within a protein coat.

Let's talk about a *VIRUS*
Examples include: Corona, HIV/AIDs, Ebola and lots more

*SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SOME ORGANISMS*

Man.        Homo.      Sapiens
Lion.       Panthera.  Leo
Maize.    Zea.             Mays
Rat.         Rattus.       Rattus
Orange. Citrus.        Sinensis
Rice.       Orzya.        Sativa

*Note* both generic and specific names should be underlined

*MONERA*
1. They are unicellular or singles celled
2. The cells are prokaryotic (i.e. cells without membrane)
3. The cells have no definite nucleus with nuclear membrane
4. The cells have no mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum, no chloroplast.
5. There is no sexual reproduction
6. They may posses autotrophic or heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
7. They do not have complex chromosomes
And so on
They are divided into two;

1. Schizophyta
2. Cyanophyta

1. *Schizophyta*

A. They are simple living things that belong to monera

B. They have prokaryotic cells with no definite nucleus

C. They reproduce by asexual means. (binary fission)

D. They lack cellulose but consist of amino acids and polysaccharides

E. They are unicellular and lack mitochondria

Example include. Bacteria

  2. *Cyanophyta*

A. They are microscopic in nature

B. They reproduce by cell division

C. They do no have cilia, flagella or other locomotive organelles but some move by gliding

D. Their cell walls do not contain cellulose like that of bacteria

E. Some are unicellular, others are filamentous with individual cells joined to end while few form colonies

Example include. Blue green alga

*KINGDOMS*
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

*Why is Virus regarded as a living thing?*

It is because they can reproduce when present in another living cell like animal cell and possesses characteristics which can be transmitted from one generation to the next
 


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