📓 GNS101 WORD FORMATION (Morpheme)

WORD FORMATION (Morpheme)

 *Word formation* refers to the way in which new words are formed in the basis of other words or morpheme.

 And a morpheme is meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word that cannot be divided into smaller meaning parts

 _There is a difference between a morpheme and a word_ 

▪️ *A word* can stand alone and can be meaningful but *a morpheme* can not always stand alone

▪️ *A word* can have 2 or more morphemes

  ```LET ME GIVE EXAMPLE```

  *RECONSTRUCT* 

  This is a word that has two morphemes (RE/CONSTRUCT).

  When we have a sentence, it consists of clause.

⚡Clause consists of phrase

⚡Phrases consists of words

⚡And words consist of morpheme

⚡Morpheme consists of syllables

  *Define a phrase* 

  Group of words without finite verb.

So we can break this to phrase

They/ might be thinking/of words/ and their meaning

  Each of these phrases consists of one or two words

  So words can be broken to morpheme

  ⏩ *There's different between morpheme and syllable* 

▪️ *A morpheme* consists of syllable and it deals with meaning but *syllables* deals with sound

  *Example*

 *RECONSTRUCT* 

  RECONSTRUCT has 2 morphemes (RE/CONSTRUCT)

 But it has 3 syllables Re/con/struct

 The syllables is like the unit which the word is pronounced re/ con /struct

  *MAGNETIZE* 

 How many morpheme and syllables do we have?

 *[6/7, 20:28] 100l:* 2 morphemes and 3 syllables✅

 Wat about *DEMAGNETISATION* 

 *[6/7, 20:32] STA:* 4 morphemes, 6syllables✅

  Magnet

Magnetise

Demagnetise 

DEMAGNETISATION

 The structure of the word can be represented by the formula (p) b(s)

 *P* means prefix

 *B* means base i.e the original word

 *S* means suffix

 *Prefix* , from the word pre e.g prelude,pre party it means before

  *Suffix* means after

  You can see p and s are in a bracket which means a word can be meaningful without a prefix and suffix

  EXAMPLE

*Agree*

 Disagreement

  Dis is a prefix

Agree is the base 

Ment is the suffix

  *WORD BUILDING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE* 

1. EPONYMY:-

 This refers to the widening of the use of a proper noun as a common noun. Name of people used as a name of object.

  For example many units of measurement in physics came from the name of the inventors Michael Faraday, like Fahrenheit (F), unit of temperature is gotten from GABRIEL DANIEL, FAHRENHEIT who is a physicist. Also COULOMB is gotten from Charles -Augustin de Coulomb, etc

  2. ALPHABETISM:-

This is use of letters as symbols

This is an abbreviation that takes the first letter of each word of the base expression and it's pronounced by spelling out each letter.

  Examples 

🫶 UBA (UNITED BANK OF AFRICA)

🫶 GTB(GUARANTY TRUST BANK

🫶 W.H.O is World health organisation

  Other examples ATM,GPS

  3. ACRONYMS:-

This is different from alphabetism.

  You know I said alphebetism is by pronounced by spelling out each of the letters

  *Acronym is pronounced as a word* 

  E.g FUTA

  You know you did not spell it ,you pronounced it as a word

  UNICEF

 *QUESTION*

  😌 Group these into alphabetism and acronym:

❤️SOS(school of science)

🧡SEET(SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING)

💛SOC(SCHOOL OF COMPUTING)

💚SAAT(SCHOOL OF AGRIC)

 *[6/7, 21:13] STA:*

 ❤️Sos_alphabetism

🧡Seet_Acronymy

💛Soc_alphabetism

💚Saat_acronymy

  4. CLIPPING AND BLENDING:-

  Before we proceed

  _It's wrong to say ATM Machine or PIN number, because ATM is automated teller machine,so adding machine is repetition. PIN is personal identification number, so adding number again is repetition_ 

  *Blending* is the combination of two separate words to produce a single new term e.g binary + digit =bit

  BInary+biT =bit

*THERM* al + res *ISTOR*= thermistor

 *E* lectronic + *MAIL* =e-mail

  *CLIPPING*

This is when a word that has more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form of usual casual speech e.g mathematics= math, examination= exam

 5. COMPOUNDING:-

This is joining of two or more free morpheme to form one word.

  The morpheme may be separated by space e.g carbon (IV) oxide

It can also be written together e.g airport, briefcase , foodstuff

6. AFFIXATION:- is a method of word formation where bound morpheme are added to free morpheme or already existed words.

  The difference between compounding and affixation is that compounding is the addition of two free morpheme e.g stair+case=staircase

Stair is a *free morpheme* 

Case too is a *free morpheme* 

 ⚠️But affixation is addition of free and bound morpheme e.g work+ ed=worked ⚠️

Work is a *free morpheme* 

Ed is a *bound morpheme* 

  So back to affixation

The bound morpheme are affixes

  Affixes maybe inflectional or derivational

📌 *Inflectional affixes* are usually suffixes and I taught you what a suffix is last class that it's added after the base word e.g boy(s)

  But they don't change the meaning or grammatical class( noun,verb etc). E.g boys

The original word is boy which is a noun

Abi?

  If we add 's' to boy,it becomes boys which is still a noun

  Another example sleeping

Sleep is the original word which is a verb

 *What inflectional affixes do is that they serve to indicate tense* ( past tense, present tense, continuous tense etc), numbers or possession in nouns and degree in adjective and adverb

  EXAMPLES

▪️Dog- dogs

# dog is singular

Dogs is plural

 ▪️Ox-oxen

Ox is singular

Oxen is plural

  ▪️Work-worked

Work is present tense

Worked is last tense

▪️ Sleep-sleeping

Sleep is present

Sleeping is continuous

  So *derivational affixes* usually affect the grammatical class of the words they are attached to or change the meaning.

 And they are prefix i.e before e.g dis + like= dislike

With this few point of mine,I think I have been able to convince not to confuse you on how to form words 😀😂

 *Written by:* 

        Miss Adesina Iyanu

✍️ *FLASHPEE EDUCATIONAL TEAM*